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geography directions the latest journal content and related new stories from the rgs-ibg journals and geography compass. menu skip to content home about terms and conditions our news editors publications site disclaimer random article! stacking toilets across the seasons: providing sustainable sanitation for all? leave a reply by amita bhakta, university loughborough where do you go to pee? is it hygienic? can you access it all year round? these questions don’t often cross the minds of those of us using clean toilets in the comfort of our homes, schools, workplaces, and the other public places we visit. however, in 2015, 2.3 billion people across the world did not have access to a private toilet that safely takes away their… well, poo. this risks the spread of disease and ill-health as people have no choice but to go to the toilet outside in a field or a street. the current sustainable development agenda via the sustainable development goals (sdgs) has given us, as a global population, a target to provide sanitation which meets everyone’s needs by 2030 (see sdg6, to provide clean water and sanitation for all ). at the same time, we’re also working towards combating climate change and take ‘climate action’ (sdg13), ensuring gender equality (sdg5), providing a quality education for all (sdg4 ), and, importantly, ensuring good health and wellbeing for everybody (sdg3). access to safe, improved toilets that reduce disease spread all year round is a vital part of meeting these goals. whilst global efforts are underway to provide sustainable sanitation for all, climate change brings with it an array of risks and threats to our ability to take care of our health (batty, 2018) through access to toilets. in their paper in the geographical journal , jewitt et al (2018) discuss how despite the fact that communities in india are gaining improved ‘ pukka ’ latrines, ‘stacking’ different latrine systems is not sustainable in the long term. climate change raises the need to consider seasonality in sanitation design more carefully to adapt to risks of seasonal flooding. whilst we can design and build man-made structures such as toilets, they are still vulnerable to the forces of nature, which can ultimately dictate whether a toilet maintains its ‘improved’ status, and leads to ‘stacking’ where different types of sanitation are used in the absence of good infrastructure. sustainable sanitation for all needs to be able to withstand the seasons of the year, but it also needs to consider who it is there to cater for. in recent years, the water and sanitation sector has explored the needs of women and adolescent girls for menstrual hygiene, disabled people, incontinence sufferers, and, recently, women who are going through the menopause. individuals have different needs for sanitation, and this needs to be carefully considered in the design of each facility in the longer term. women and girls will always need good menstrual hygiene management in toilets that are safe and dignified. disabled people will always need a toilet that they can use easily without barriers. and, ultimately, we will all always need to pee. sanitation for all means for all – no matter what the weather. about the author: amita bhakta is a phd candidate at the water, engineering, and development centre (wedc) at the university of loughborough. batty, m 2018 ‘ways to step up the fight against global antimicrobial resistance’ the guardian https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/mar/29/ways-to-step-up-the-fight-against-global-antimicrobial-resistance 29 march 2018 [accessed 24 april 2018] jewitt s, mahanta a, gaur k. sanitation sustainability, seasonality and stacking: improved facilities for how long, where and whom? . geogr j . 2018 ; 00 :1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12258. ‘undp goal 3 good health and wellbeing’ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html [accessed 24 april 2018] ‘undp goal 4 quality education’ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html [accessed 24 april 2018] ‘undp goal 5 gender equality’ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-5-gender-equality.html [accessed 24 april 2018] ‘undp goal 6 clean water and sanitation’ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html [accessed 24 april 2018] ‘undp goal 13 climate action’ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html share this: tweet email more print like this: like loading... this entry was posted in the geographical journal and tagged climate change , india , sanitation , sustainable development , sustainable development goals on june 27, 2018 by rgs-ibg managing editor: academic publications . elephants as political actors leave a reply by lauren a. evans, space for giantsnanyuki, kenya, and williams m. adams, university of cambridge, uk this video clip was caught by a camera trap positioned along an electric fence built to keep wild elephants away from smallholder farms in kenya. it shows a group of male african elephants, banded together to break the fence to raid farmers’ fields. it shows a distinct leader who breaks the fence while the others follow. in such raids, this elephant is often bigger, older and takes more risks. in our transactions of the british institute of geographers paper we show that these elephants are powerful and influential actors in human-elephant conflict (especially crop-raiding) and in shaping the politics that surrounds their conservation. our study site was a human-elephant conflict hotspot – laikipia in northern kenya – and a hotbed of diverse human actors (smallholder farmers, large-scale landowners, pastoralists, conservationists, national wildlife department the kenya wildlife service) with different and often conflicting politics relating to land and elephants. we worked closely with the ngo space for giants . the major challenge of bringing elephants to life as actors is that they can’t speak. we needed a creative methodology to understand the elephant experience as much as the human. we used infrared camera traps and gps collars to directly observe elephant movement across landscapes and behaviour at fences. an elephant tracker observed crop-raiding elephants on a motorbike equipped with a camera and gps. a network of local scouts collected information on the timing location and nature of fence-breaks and crop-raids. we used interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups to understand human ideas about and responses to elephants, crop-raiding and fences. laikipia’s colonial and post-colonial land polices created a mosaic of land use. the british colonial government evicted maasai pastoralists and settled europeans on large-scale ranches. after independence some settlers sold their ranches and they were divided into small plots and bought by smallholder farmers. agriculture was hard here: land was dry and rocky so many plots were abandoned, leaving scattered subsistence farms. elephants were post-colonial arrivals to laikipia in the 1970s, driven by insecurity and ivory poaching to the north. ranches provided ideal ‘elephant spaces’ – contiguous habitat where elephants thrived. they arrived as powerful actors, protected by legislation to reduce poaching and ivory trade. yet elephants created a major problem for smallholder farmers. subsistence farms with ripe crops, lay right next to ranches. when elephants raid crops, they impose their own interests on a landscape intensively used by people, and transform farmland into a “beastly place”. despite simple defenses have little capacity to defend their ripening crops against raids by elephants at night. elephants hold the balance of power. data from gps collars worn by crop-raiding elephants indicate an awareness and avoidance of risk. elephants leave spaces where they feel

URL analysis for geographydirections.com

https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/05/14/exploring-political-economic-influences-on-official-environmental-reports/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/02/06/trucking-transformations/#respond
https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/06/27/stacking-toilets-across-the-seasons-providing-sustainable-sanitation-for-all/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/non-human/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/sustainable-development/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/kenya/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/category/area/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/human-elephant-conflict/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/category/transactions-of-the-institute-of-british-geographers/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/coast/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/sustainable-development-goals/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/05/29/birds-eye-view-of-climate-variability/?share=email
https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/06/27/stacking-toilets-across-the-seasons-providing-sustainable-sanitation-for-all/?share=email
https://blog.geographydirections.com/tag/conservation/
https://blog.geographydirections.com/2018/06/19/elephants-as-political-actors/#respond
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Domain Name: GEOGRAPHYDIRECTIONS.COM
Registry Domain ID: 1673363127_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.corporatedomains.com
Registrar URL: http://www.cscglobal.com/global/web/csc/digital-brand-services.html
Updated Date: 2017-08-19T05:05:45Z
Creation Date: 2011-08-23T07:28:35Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2019-08-23T07:28:35Z
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Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Name Server: BRI-NS01.WILEY.COM
Name Server: JWS-EDCP.WILEY.COM
Name Server: NS.WILEY.CO.UK
Name Server: NS.WILEYPUB.COM
Name Server: NS2.WILEY.CO.UK
Name Server: SG-NS01.WILEY.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned
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  REGISTRAR CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.

SERVERS

  SERVER com.whois-servers.net

  ARGS domain =geographydirections.com

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

DOMAIN

  NAME geographydirections.com

  CHANGED 2017-08-19

  CREATED 2011-08-23

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  BRI-NS01.WILEY.COM 203.46.70.133

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  NS.WILEY.CO.UK 193.130.68.19

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